Elektrotehnika i elektronika

http://www.elteh.net/sheme.html

http://www.otpornik.com/projekat/led-osvetljenje-na-230v.html

IZDVAJAMO>

Jednostavni alarm s tiristorom

Shema predstavlja najjednostavniju moguću izvedbu alarma. Kada aktivirate sklopku S2, tiristor Th1 provede i alarm (u ovom slučaju žarulja La1) se upali i ostaje upaljen sve dok se cijeli krug ne resetira djelovanjem na sklopku S1.
Tiristori se znaju sami upaliti kod naglog porasta napona napajanja (uključenja sklopa) pa C1 služi da ublaži taj nagli porast i spriječi lažno uključenje. Ako se to ne događa možete izostaviti C1 iz sheme. Drugi slučaj lažnog uključenja je samoindukcija u kabelima koji vode do Gatea tiristora. To se eliminira ugradnjom kondenzatora C2 koji se isto može izostaviti ako se to ne događa.

***

LED voltmetar za kontrolu 12V akumulatora

Shema prikazuje voltmetar koji je pogodan za kontrolu napona 12V akumulatora prilikom punjenja. Voltmetar pali diode pomoću 4 zener diode kad dosegnu svoj proradni napon, ustvari 1,6V više od nazivnog napona koliko je uglavnom potrebno diodi da provede. Znači ako je napon 13.6V ili više sve ledice svijetle, a ako je manji od 10,6V onda su sve ugašene.

Punjač 12V olovnih akumulatora – 6A

Punjač akumulator puni maksimalnom strujom i počinje je kontinuirano smanjivati kako napon raste otprilike ovim koracima: 13,5V – 4A, 14V – 3A, 14,5V – 2A, 15V – 0A. IC1 i T1 je potrebno montirati na poveći hladnjak jer se dosta grije. Promjenom vrijednosti otpornika R2 regulira se max. napon akumulatora, odnosno struja prorade T1.

LED treptač na 12V

Shema prikazuje jednostavan treptač s LED diodom. Radi na naponu od 12V. Promjenom kondenzatora C1 može se utjecati na učestalost treptanja.

ON - OFF indikator za 230V

Uređaj je namijenjen za indikaciju stanja nekog uređaja ili bolje rečeno sklopke S1. Znači kada je S1 otvorena ili uređaj ugašen upaljena je zelena LED1, a kada je zatvorena ili uređaj radi upaljena je crvena LED2.

Princip rada se temelji na tome da sklopka S1 kada se zatvori, tranzistor T1 dovede u zasićenje i kratko spaja odnosno gasi LED1.

Sklopka S1 mora biti predviđena za napon od 230V i mora podnositi struje trošila kojim upravlja!!

LED dioda na 230V v1

Shema prikazuje jednu od verzija kako LEDicu spojiti na 230V. Umjesto otpornika koji ograničava struju kroz LED koristi se reaktancija kondenzatora. Prednost ove metode je u tome što nema toplinskih gubitaka kao na otporniku. Dioda D1 štiti LED od previsokog napona suprotnog polariteta. Napon kondenzatora treba biti otprilike 2x veći od napona napajanja. Vrijednost kondenzatora se može izračunati prema sljedećoj formuli:
C= I / 6.28 x U x f
C= kapacitet [F]
U= napon [V]
f= frekvencija [Hz]
I= struja kroz LED [A]

Pretvarač 12/230V v4

Shema prikazuje pretvarač 12/245V sa izlaznim naponom kvadratnog oblika. IC 4047 radi kao astabilni multivibrator i njegovi izlazi upravljaju sa dva tranzistora koji napajaju transformator. Frekvencija se može regulirati pomoću potenciometra P1 od 50-400Hz. Tranzistori su predviđeni za snagu transformatora do 60VA.

Oscilator s piezo zvučnikom

Još jedan iz serije jednostavnih oscilatora. Shema je ista kao i kod oscilatora s tranzistorom, samo što je ovdje upotrebljen drugačiji zvučnik. Ustvari korišten je keramički piezo zvučnik. Zbog njegove interne kapacitivnosti ne koristi se dodatni kondenzator. Ostatak sheme je isti, a princip rada temelji se na činjenici da će većina NPN tranzistora zaoscilirati kad se obrnuto polariziraju. Baza se nespaja.

Oscilator s tranzistorom

Još jedna izvedba višenamjenske zujalice. Većina NPN tranzistora će zaoscilirati kad se obrnuto polariziraju. Baza se nespaja. Primjer dan u shemi napaja se s 9V, vuče 4mA struje i oscilira na frekvenciji od 550Hz. Napon napajanja varira u odnosu na tip upotrebljenog tranzistora:

• 7V za tranzistore male snage (BC109, BC238, 2N2222)
• 12V za tranzistore srednje snage (BD139)
• 16V za tranzistor velike snage (BUX22, 2N6543)

Tags: shema, zujalica

Unicode TCC 2

https://bellard.org/tcc/tcc-doc.html

https://bellard.org/

https://bellard.org/tcc/changelog.html

https://sathyasays.com/2013/02/08/salute-to-fabrice-bellard/

https://tinycc-devel.nongnu.narkive.com/kQoPYDTv/building-unicode-applications-with-tcc-in-windows

Amongst others, he’s created/led

• A 4G LTE base station running entirely in software on a standard PC.
• A new ASN1 compiler generating small and efficient C code.
• A PC emulator in Javascript: how much time takes your browser to boot Linux ?
• 2700 billion decimal digits of Pi computed with a desktop computer.
• Analog and Digital TV (DVB-T) signal generation by displaying an image on a PC display.
• QEMU is a generic machine emulator and virtualizer.
• FFMPEG, the Open Source Multimedia System. I launched this project in year 2000 and led it during several years.
• TCC is a tiny but complete ISOC99 C compiler which enables you to use C as scripting language. TCC has its roots in the OTCC project. The TCCBOOT boot loader demonstrate the speed of TCC by compiling and launching a Linux kernel in less than 15 seconds.
• QEmacs (for Quick Emacs) is an emacs clone I began to learn Unicode rendering algorithms, text buffers manipulation and XML/HTML/CSS parsing.
• OTCC is a very small self-compiling compiler for a subset of C I wrote to win the 2001 edition of the International Obfuscated C Contest.
• TinyGL: a Small, Free and Fast Subset of OpenGL.
• An online Scientific Web Calculator.
• Pi formulas, algorithms and computations.
• A tiny C program to print the biggest known prime number.

Building Unicode applications with TCC in Windows

Building Unicode applications with TCC in Windows.

(too old to reply)

James Russell Moore

5 years ago

Permalink

Hello, I have a small utility which makes use of wide characters in
Windows. It's written using _TCHAR though so it can be built with multibyte
characters as well.

The main() function header is written as follows:

int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])

Translates to "main" in a multibyte build and "wmain" in a Unicode build,
but TCC seems to expect a main() function instead of a wmain() one so it
can't produce Unicode builds (I tried with a mob build as well).

Is is expected or is there something wrong? Would it be possible to make a
modification to enable wmain() to be an entry point as well as main()?

Attached to this email is a small test case.

Thanks for your time anyway.

YX Hao

5 years ago

Permalink

I think TCC hasn't implemented this.

...

Maybe you can take a look at:
win32\lib\crt1.c
win32\lib\wincrt1.c

Attached to this email is a small test case.
Thanks for your time anyway.

Daniel Glöckner

5 years ago

Permalink

Post by YX Hao

Post by James Russell Moore
Is is expected or is there something wrong? Would it be possible to make a
modification to enable wmain() to be an entry point as well as main()?

win32\lib\crt1.c

In crt1.c declare main and wmain as weak.
In _start call __getmainargs/main if main and __wgetmainargs/wmain
if !main.

I wonder if this works when linking to static libraries like libfl
(from GNU flex) that contain a main function.

Daniel

YX Hao

5 years ago

Permalink

Something more, on windows use a Unicode console environment is not convenient. It's not the default. You may need change the setting times, up and down.
You really want to pass any Unicode argv? Usually there are functions for wide chars can be used.

...

Carlos Montiers

5 years ago

Permalink

Look these code adapted from my current develop of bg tool (
http://consolesoft.com/p/bg ):

#define UNICODE

#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>

#undef putchar
#undef putwchar
#undef isxdigit
#undef iswxdigit
#define putchar(c) fputc(c, stdout)
#define putwchar(c) fputwc(c, stdout)
#define isxdigit(d) _isctype(d, _HEX)
#define iswxdigit(d) iswctype(d, _HEX)

#ifdef UNICODE
#define strtoul wcstoul
#define _strupr _wcsupr
#define strcmp wcscmp
#define atol _wtol
#define _isctype iswctype
#define fputc fputwc
#define ReadConsoleInput ReadConsoleInputW
#define PlaySound PlaySoundW
#else
#define ReadConsoleInput ReadConsoleInputA
#define PlaySound PlaySoundA
#endif



typedef struct {
int newmode;
} _startupinfo;

void __wgetmainargs(int *_Argc, wchar_t *** _Argv, wchar_t *** _Env,
int _DoWildCard, _startupinfo * _StartInfo);
void __getmainargs(int *_Argc, char ***_Argv, char ***_Env,
int _DoWildCard, _startupinfo * _StartInfo);

int my_main(int argc, TCHAR* argv[]);


void _start(void)
{
int argc;
TCHAR **argv;
TCHAR **env;

int ret;

_startupinfo start_info = { 0 };
#ifdef UNICODE
__wgetmainargs(&argc, &argv, &env, 0, &start_info);
#else
__getmainargs(&argc, &argv, &env, 0, &start_info);
#endif

ret = my_main(argc, argv);
exit(ret);
}

int my_main(int argc, TCHAR* argv[])
{

return 0;

}

for printf:
these:
printf("Hello %s\n", argv[0]);
using unicode you need use replace with this:
wprintf(L"Hello %ls\n", argv[0]);

...

James Russell Moore

5 years ago

Permalink

Post by Daniel Glöckner
In crt1.c declare main and wmain as weak.
In _start call __getmainargs/main if main and __wgetmainargs/wmain
if !main.

I searched around for weak symbols because I didn't know about them,
thanks. I tried to declare them as weak but it seems not to be working (in
Windows maybe?). I tried placing the __attribute__((weak)) before the
semicolon and before the return type of the functions, in any case errors
were shown about the missing main or wmain function depending on the
setting. GCC also allows for a pragma but I think that's not implemented in
TCC.

Post by Daniel Glöckner
Something more, on windows use a Unicode console environment is not
convenient. It's not the default. You may need change the setting times, up
and down.
You really want to pass any Unicode argv? Usually there are functions for
wide chars can be used.

In a Unicode setting I know how long a character is, I can iterate through
the characters of a string in the same way as if they were simple chars. If
not using Unicode the characters may use more than 1 byte, so it's more
complicated to know their length. I could interpret char to be in UTF-8 to
be UTF-8 too I guess as in Linux, but in Windows things seem to get more
complicated with code pages and the like. Think for example about creating
a name of a file with Unicode characters or output an echo of the command
line.

Post by Daniel Glöckner
Look these code adapted from my current develop of bg tool

Thanks, that works with TCC without any modification, overriding the _start
routine works fine for Unicode builds but it'd have to be conditional in
the program to allow for interoperability with other compilers.

YX Hao

5 years ago

Permalink

Hi,

...

Try:

Findstr /s /n /r /c:"[^a-z]main[^a-z]" *.c

You will see the related codes for linking stage, together with the crt codes.

You known what linking does, you get the points.

I think it needs _start/_wstart pairs and linking process.

I searched gcc and ld codes to see how it could be made, but didn't get it.

...

So you need it.

Look these code adapted from my current develop of bg tool
Thanks, that works with TCC without any modification, overriding the _start
routine works fine for Unicode builds but it'd have to be conditional in the
program to allow for interoperability with other compilers.

Some one experienced, like grischka, may be interested to implement this capability for TCC.

Regards.

SOURCE TEXT>

https://tinycc-devel.nongnu.narkive.com/kQoPYDTv/building-unicode-applications-with-tcc-in-windows

Efikasni programski jezici budućnosti i sadašnjosti

https://sdevprog.blogspot.com/2018/04/overview-of-efficient-programming.html

https://golang.org/

https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Primality_by_trial_division#Go

https://matthias-endler.de/2017/go-vs-rust/

Oracle Cloud

https://cloud.oracle.com/en_US/home

Od sledeće godine prestaje podrška za vremešni Windows 7

Windows 7 je najpopularniji operativni sistem u Srbiji. Mnogi su prešli na Windows 10, pa su se razočarani vratili na Windows 7.

Bunite se što sledeće godine prestaje podrška i update za Windows 7, ne uzbudjujte se previše, ukoliko ne želite da predjete na Windows 10 imamo odlično rešenje za Vas, a to je Linux Mint.

Linux Mint najviše podseća na vremešne Windows XP SP3 i Windows 7 operativne sisteme, a ako instalirate PlayOnLinux, onda ima potpunu kompatibilnost sa Windows XP SP3, može da pokreće npr. Notepad, Microsoft Office 2007, Internet Explorer 8, pa čak i Counter Strike, FarCry, Steam naslove za Windows i Crysis.

Stavite Linux Mint, instalirajte HP-LIP GUI koji ima drajvere za skoro sve laserske HP printere koji su radili pod Windows XP i 7.
Canon štampači imaju linux drajvere, kao i Epson, a koristite deb ili Ubuntu drajvere, jer je Mint kompatibilan sa njima.
Za startovanje Windows Xp SP3 igrica i aplikacija koristite PlayOnLinux.

The OneDrive upload from code

c# onedrive upload

https://code.msdn.microsoft.com/office/How-to-upload-file-to-21125137

https://archive.codeplex.com/?p=skydriveapiclient

https://www.codeguru.com/columns/dotnet/accessing-files-in-a-onedrive-account-from-code.html

C vs C++ The Illuminati doesn't run the world. C programmers do.

The Illuminati doesn't run the world. C programmers do.
Guns dont kill people... (Postal2 repl.)

~C90, ~C99:

http://david.tribble.com/text/cdiffs.htm#C++-vs-C

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/write-c-program-wont-compiler-c/

http://www.compilers.de/vbcc.html

http://www.softintegration.com/

https://sites.google.com/site/lccretargetablecompiler/

https://bellard.org/tcc/

http://www.smorgasbordet.com/pellesc/

Posebna kategorija C kompajlera koji je nastao u kuhinji http://cs.illinois.edu/ Illinois University USA:

https://llvm.org/

Clang is an "LLVM native" C/C++/Objective-C compiler, which aims to deliver amazingly fast compiles (e.g. about 3x faster than GCC when compiling Objective-C code in a debug configuration), extremely useful error and warning messages and to provide a platform for building great source level tools. The Clang Static Analyzer is a tool that automatically finds bugs in your code, and is a great example of the sort of tool that can be built using the Clang frontend as a library to parse C/C++ code.

http://llvm.org/docs/GettingStarted.html#links

http://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/index.html

Kada se instalira zauzima oko 866 MB (908,722,176 bytes), odnosno 234 Files, 22 Folders, što je mnogo manje od Jave koja ima oko ~600.000 fajlova.

Clang llvm iz Illinois Univerziteta je 3 puta brži od GCC-a i prilično upotrebljiv, čak i u modernim uslovima.

Ako se poredi sa TCC koji zauzima oko 1MB instaliran, to je sasvim ok.

Ako nekome trebaju potpuno funkcionalni primeri za TCC javite se.

Nije potrebno da podsećam da je većina kernela skoro svih operativnih sistema nastala u C programskom jeziku, kao i neki interpreteri poput PHP, Python i sličnih. Namerno govorim C, jer on nije isto što i C++, a nije isto ni što je C#.

On May 16, the Illinois CS Alumni Network (Bay Area) hosted its first event: an informal talk and Q&A with fellow alumnus Chris Lattner (MS CS ’02, PhD ’05), formerly a Senior Director at Apple, and currently a Director with Google Brain. Lattner is best known for his work as a primary author on the LLVM and Clang compilers, and the programming language Swift. He recounted many stories along his life journey thus far, and shared personal and professional insights on lessons learned. In addition, CS alumni had the opportunity to network before and after the informal program.

Chris Lattner, a fellow UIUC alum is the creator of LLVM and Swift (!!), former Senior Director at Apple and current Director at Google Brain. Chris’s PhD advisor and interim CS department head Vikram Adve will join us to open things up. - Alumni Network...

VS

C++:

https://www.bloodshed.net/devcpp.html

Naučite sve o:

C#.net, ASP, IIS, Delphi, Lazarus, PHP, MySQL, Apache, Xamarine,Python, HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, Java, Ajax, jQuery

iz prve ruke !

CNC applications for Linux

Upravljanje CNC masinama 
EMC (enhanced machine controller) - Ovaj progam sluzi za upravljanje cnc masinama. Koristi g-code. Ako se ne varam ovo je jedan od svega par programa za linux koji mogu da plotaju g-code. Ovaj program zahteva real time kernel sto znaci da ako volite da igrate igrice u linuxu zaboravite na EMC. nVidia drajveri ne podrzavaju rad sa real-time kernelima sto znaci da ste osudjeni na vesa ili slicne drajvere. 


CAD/CAM 
qcad - cad program za 2D crtanje. Pruza dosta mogucnosti kako za osnovno tako i za naprednije crtanje. Savetujem da skinete i qcad manual [pdf oko 20mb]. 
Medusa 4 Personal - program za 2d i 3d crtanje i modeliranje. Personal verzija je free (mora se svakih 6 meseci registrovati na sajtu kako bi se dobijao novi licence key (licence key se genereise na osnovu MAC adrese stoga je jedan licence key upotrebljiv samo na jednoj masini)) a ogranicenja su vezana za save i export opcije (ne moze da exportuje u dxf/dwg vec samo u format koji su oni razvili). 
Blender - sudeci po raznim recenzijama i testiranjima, blender poseduje odlicne mogucnosti kada je parametricko modeliranje u pitanju. Moj savet je da posetite blenderart e-magazin koji vam moze pomoci u ucenju o blenderu . Takodje pogledajte i Blender nation. 
sagcad - jos jedan 2d cad program koji je malo vise okrenut masincima buduci da poseduje nc import (od nc sorsa pravi sliku?) i cam opcije (nisam probao). velika mana mu je to sto ne postoji zvanicna dokumentacija na Engleskom jeziku (postoji samo na Japanskom) stoga nije bas jednostavno ovladati ovim programom. Sa moje strane svakako stoji preporuka  
gmsh - Element mesh generator. Moze da posluzi za modeliranje ali i jos par korisnih operacija. 
gcam - mali program koji nudi neke osnovne CAM mogucnosti (samo za glodalice). 
dn-cam - Jos jedan mali CAM program koji predstavlja neku vrstu front enda za OpenCascade. Koriscenjem OpenCascade-a ovaj program poseduje ogromne mogucnosti (no nisam ga probao pa ne znam da li je to tacno). 
brl-cad - Jedan od najstarijih cad programa za linux. Mnogo mogucnosti ali se za dokumentaciju mora malo "kopati" po internetu. 
gcad3d - CAD program koji poseduje opcije za nc export (i import ako ne gresim). 
OpenModelica - Objektivno-orijentisani programski jezik za modeliranje elektronskih, termalnih, kontrolnih i slicnih sistema. Pogledati openmodelica users guide [pdf ~3.2 mb]. 


APT (automatic programmed tools) 
AptoOS - apt360 ja jedan od malobrojnih programa programa koji sluze za pisanje i proveru/plotanje CL (cutter location) programa. Paketi postp i vapt su nezaobilazni kada je ovaj program u pitanju buduci da je vapt program koji sluzi za plotanje programa a postp za postprocesiranje programa! 


FEA (finite element analysys) 
Salome platform - prema misljenju mnogih ljudi ovo je najbolji program ove vrste za linux. Koristi OpenCascade i tezi oko 500 MB! Ovaj softver nije bas lako instalirati ako nemate sve zavisnosti a i za pocetnike ovo moze biti bolno stoga sam sa jednog sajta (navedenog u fajlu) lepo skinuo text i lepo ga sortirao za offline pregled. download: [url=https://www.mycity.rs/must-login.png (prvenstveno za ubuntu sisteme ali moze se primeniti i na ostale).[/url] 
Range software FEA - jos jedan program za FEA medjutim u pitanju je samo demo. Koliko je to funkcionalno ja ne znam. 
Open Foam - Pa... Ovaj program moze da vrsi razne simulacije pa mislim da bi bilo najbolje da ga ovde ostavim. 


Programi za izvrsavanje numer. kalkulacija 
Scilab - Jedan od MathLab zamena. 
GNU Octave - Jos jedan MathLab zamena. Prema misljenju drugih ljudi (i prea mom misljenju) ovo je odlicno resenje za linux. Za Octvae postoji vise GUI-a medjutim jedan se istice po mogucnostima (a i lepo izgleda): qtoctave (koristi qt) 
FreeMat - Jos jedan od MathLab zamena. Na sajtu autor kaze da podrzava preko 90% MathLab komandi! 


Linux distribucije koje sadrze cnc softver 
EMC live disk - ubuntu 6.06 (lts) sa preinstaliranim EMC paketom. 
CAE linux - CAE linux koji sadrzi dosta softvera za inzenjere (za ispitivanje masinskih delova, crtanje, plotanje....). 
MyNC - Linux distro koji sadrzi CNC programe (ploter, editor i sl.) 


Ostali softver 
Funcplotter - program za plotanje funkcija 
Alliance - SKup raznih cad alata. 
EdytorNC - Editor za g-code programe! Ima korisne kalkulatore u sebi. 
cnc-code-gen - Mali java program koji dxf konvertuje u g-code 


Software under construction: 

http://www.cnczone.com/forums/showthread.php?t=42392&page=1 
http://www.cnczone.com/forums/showthread.php?t=10901&page=1 


Koristite PlayOnLinux umesto Wine aplikacije za emulaciju Windows aplikacija pod linux-om:

gsimple - CAM program za 3D masine. Status: Uspeo sam da ga pokrenem medjutim nisam detaljno zalazio u mogucnosti rada ovog programa pod wine-om (za sada mogu da potvrdim da NC export ne radi). 
NCPlot free - ploter za g-code programe. Status: moze se pokrenuti i ispisati program no desava se da program, kada mu kazete da isplota vas program, pukne. Mozda se ovo sredi nekom novijom verzijom wine(a). 
yu apt 98 - mali program domaceg autora koji slui za pisanje, proveru, plotanje i slanje na masinu programa koji su pisani u APT programskom jeziku. Status: radi u DoseEmu(u), nema bagovanja i plota crteze bez problema. Posto je u pitanju Dos program z i y imaju promenjena mesta (strasno iritirajuce) ali sve ostalo radi. 



Dokumentacija 
------------------------------------- 
Objasnjenje CAD, CAE, CAM i FEA pojmova 
Objasnjenje NURBS pojma 
g-code referenca 
wikipedia clanak o g-code(u) 
apt referenca (na srpskom) 
EMC docs - Nije lose da prelistate i EMC dokumentaciju. 
gcodes.cfm - g-code komande (drugi izvor) 
mcodes.cfm - m-code komande 
Takodje pogledajte i http://www.computer-books.us , http://www.haascnc.com/cncmag/default.asp i http://www.cncforums.com !